1
Q
proteinuria
RBCs, RBC casts
1-2 weeks post infection
A
acute glomerulonephritis
S. pyogenes
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2
Q
cellular, waxy, broad casts
glycosuria
A
chronic glomerulonephritis
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3
Q
anti-glomerular basem*nt membrane
A
Goodpasture’s
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4
Q
Antineutrophilic cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)
A
Wegner’s granulomatosis
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5
Q
decrease in platelets
stool occult blood
RBC casts
children post viral infection
A
Henoch-Schönlein Purpura
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6
Q
increased cellularity in the subendothelial cells of the mesangium (interstitial area of Bowman’s capsule)
A
Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis (MPGN)
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7
Q
Immune IgA complexes deposited on the glomerular membrane
glycosuria, cellular, waxy and broad casts
A
IgA nephropathy
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8
Q
heavy proteinuria
hypoalbuminemia
RTEs, OFBs, fatty casts, waxy casts
A
nephrotic syndrome
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9
Q
Disruption of podocytes in certain areas of glomeruli associated with heroin, analgesic abuse, and AIDS
A
Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis
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10
Q
Inherited sex-linked or autosomal genetic disorder of collagen production affecting the glomerular basem*nt membrane
A
Alport’s syndrome
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11
Q
Damage to the RTE cells produced by ischemia
A
acute tubular necrosis
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12
Q
General failure of tubular reabsorption
possible cystine crystals
A
Fanconi’s syndrome
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13
Q
differentiates upper from lower UTI
A
WBC casts
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14
Q
urine eosinophils, no bacteria, WBCs, WBC casts
skin rash
A
acute interstitial nephritis
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15
Q
Mousy odor to the urine
disrupts the normal pathway of phenylalanine to tyrosine
A
phenylketonuria
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16
Q
Inherited defect vs metabolic defect (tyrosine or leucine crystals)
A
tyrosyluria
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17
Q
dark urine
malignancy
A
melanuria
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18
Q
Reddish-stained disposable diapers
Brown pigment becomes deposited in the body tissues
hom*ogentisic acid accumulates
A
alkaptonuria
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19
Q
keto acids accumulate in the blood and urine
A
maple syrup urine disease
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20
Q
“smelly feet” odor to urine
A
isovaleric acidemia
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21
Q
blue diaper syndrome
A
indicanuria/Hartnup disease
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22
Q
Sulfur smell to urine and cystine crystals present
A
cystinuria
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23
Q
Mucopolysaccharide Disorders
A
Hurler syndrome
Hunter syndrome
Sanfilippo Syndrome
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24
Q
many uric acid crystals
sandy diaper
self-destruction
A
Lesch-Nyhan disease
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25
Q
Disorder of purine metabolism
A
Lesch-Nyhan disease
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26
Q
carbs in urine
A
melituria
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27
Q
pellicle formation in CSF
A
tubercular meningitis
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28
Q
CSF lactate >35
A
bacterial meningitis
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29
Q
CSF gluatmine >35
A
disturbance of consciousness
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30
Q
Increased IgG index
A
bands in CSF, not in serum
MS
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31
Q
2 types of body fluid collections
A
transudate (clear)
exudate (cloudy)
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32
Q
aligned with slow vibration; fast light is impeded, producing a yellow color (negative birefringence)
A
monosodium urate crystals
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33
Q
gout vs pseudogout crystals
A
gout: MSU
pseudogout: CPPD
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34
Q
impede the slow light producing a blue color (positive birefringence)
A
calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate
35
Q
yellow amniotic fluid
A
HDFN
36
Q
green amniotic fluid
A
meconium
37
Q
red-brown amniotic fluid
A
fetal death
38
Q
used to determine if bilirubin is low enough for fetus to be safe
A
Lily graph
39
Q
Reported in terms of multiples of the median (MoM)
A
AFP for neural tube defects
40
Q
primary component of the surfactants
A
lecithin
41
Q
When a L/S ratio is —— at preterm delivery, baby is usually considered safe
A
> 2.0
42
Q
Shake test: Amniotic fluid is mixed with ——– and shaken for 15 seconds
A
95% ethanol
43
Q
Densely packed layers of phospholipids that represent a storage form of pulmonary surfactant.
A
lamellar bodies
44
Q
The number of ———– counted in amniotic fluid correlates with the amount of phospholipid present in the fetal lungs.
A
lamellar bodies
45
Q
distinguish between the presences of fetal blood or maternal blood in an infant’s stool or vomitus
A
APT test
46
Q
hemocytometer count calculation
A
(avg # cells)(10)(dilution factor)/area counted, mm2
47
Q
normal random urine pH
A
4.5-8.0
48
Q
Occurs in vertical position, disappears in horizontal position
A
orthostatic proteinuria
49
Q
principle of protein detection on urine strip
A
protein error of indicators
50
Q
Sulfosalicylic Acid (SSA) Precipitation
A
urine protein confirmatory
51
Q
renal threshold for glucose
A
160-180 mg/dL
52
Q
causes false negatives on glucose, blood and bilirubin pads on urine stick
A
ascorbic acid
53
Q
Copper Reduction Test (Clinitest/Benedict’s Test)
A
urine glucose confirmatory
54
Q
3 ketones
A
Beta-hydroxybutyrate (78%)
Acetoacetic acid (20%)
Acetone (2%)
55
Q
acetest
A
urine ketones confirmatory
56
Q
urine strip blood pad based on…
A
pseudoperoxidase activity of hemoglobin
57
Q
Ictotest
A
urine bilirubin confirmatory
58
Q
best urine collection for urobilinogen
A
2-4 pm
59
Q
Ehrlich’s aldehyde reaction
A
urine urobilinogen
60
Q
Griess reaction
A
nitrites in urine
61
Q
catalyzes the hydrolysis of an acid ester embedded on a pad
A
leukocyte esterase
62
Q
SG not affected by radiographic dye
A
urine strip
63
Q
at RT, urine should be examined before — hours
A
2
64
Q
Sternheimer-Malbin stain
A
Identifies WBCs, epithelial cells, and casts in urine
65
Q
0.5% Toluidine Blue stain
A
Differentiates WBCs and renal tubular epithelial cells in urine
66
Q
does not stain with Oil Red O or Sudan III
A
cholesterol
67
Q
Hansel stain
A
Identifies urinary eosinophils
68
Q
lymphs in urine
A
renal graft rejection
69
Q
RTE cells filled with absorbed lipids
A
oval fat bodies
70
Q
major component of hyaline casts
A
uromodulin/Tamm-Horsfall protein
71
Q
Represent extreme urinary stasis
A
waxy casts
72
Q
Represent extreme urinary stasis and tubular distension
A
broad casts
73
Q
normal crystals in acidic urine
A
amorphous urates
uric acid
acid urates
sodium urates
calcium oxalate
74
Q
normal crystals in alkaline urine
A
amorphous phosphates
triple phosphate
calcium phosphate
calcium carbonate
ammonium biurate
75
Q
coffin lid
A
triple phosphate
76
Q
thorny apple
A
ammonium biurate
77
Q
envelope crystal
A
calcium oxalate
78
Q
hexagonal crystals
A
cystine
79
Q
Rectangular plate with a notch in one or more corners
A
cholesterol crystals
80
Q
Yellow-brown spheres
Concentric circles and radial striations
A
leucine crystals
81
Q
Fine colorless to yellow needles
Clusters or rosettes
A
tyrosine crystals
82
Q
Clumped needles/granules with amber color
A
bilirubin crystals
83
Q
Elongated prisms or plates
Blunt point on one end
A
hippuric acid crystals
